MANAGEMENT+OF+MEDICAL+CONDITIONS+-+Diabetes

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SYMPTOMS

- high blood sugar condition - frequent hunger - frequent thirst - frequent urination - blurred vision - fatigue - weight loss - poor wound healing - dry mouth - dry itchy skin - tingling in feet or heels - constant ear infections - erectile dysfunction

PRIMARY TREATMENT <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> - direct administration of insulin <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> - oral hypoglycemic therapy <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> - lifestyle modification

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 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Shakiness, anxiety, nervousness
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">[|Palpitations], [|tachycardia]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">[|Sweating], feeling of warmth (although sweat glands have muscarinic receptors, thus "adrenergic manifestations" is not entirely accurate)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">[|Pallor], coldness, clamminess
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">[|Dilated pupils] (mydriasis)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Feeling of numbness "[|pins and needles]" (paresthesia)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">[|Hunger], [|borborygmus]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">[|Nausea], [|vomiting], [|abdominal discomfort]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">[|Headache]


 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Abnormal mentation, impaired judgment
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Nonspecific dysphoria, moodiness, depression, crying, exaggerated concerns
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Negativism, irritability, belligerence, combativeness, [|rage]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">[|Personality] change, emotional lability
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">[|Fatigue], weakness, apathy, [|lethargy], daydreaming, [|sleep]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Confusion, [|amnesia], dizziness, [|delirium]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Staring, "glassy" look, blurred vision, [|double vision]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Flashes of light in the field of vision
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Automatic behavior, also known as [|automatism]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Difficulty speaking, slurred speech
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">[|Ataxia], incoordination, sometimes mistaken for "[|drunkenness]"
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Focal or general motor deficit, [|paralysis], [|hemiparesis]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">[|Paresthesia], [|headache]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Stupor, coma, abnormal breathing
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Generalized or focal [|seizures]

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Management of hypoglycemia involves immediately raising the blood sugar to normal, determining the cause, and taking measures to hopefully prevent future episodes. <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">The blood glucose can be raised to normal within minutes by taking (or receiving) 10-20 grams of [|carbohydrate].[|[26]] It can be taken as food or drink if the person is conscious and able to swallow. This amount of carbohydrate is contained in about 3-4 ounces (100-120 ml) of orange, apple, or grape juice although fruit juices contain a higher proportion of fructose which is more slowly metabolized than pure dextrose, alternatively, about 4-5 ounces (120-150 ml) of regular (non-diet) soda may also work, as will about one slice of bread, about 4 crackers, or about 1 serving of most starchy foods. [|Starch] is quickly digested to glucose (unless the person is taking [|acarbose]), but adding fat or protein retards digestion. Symptoms should begin to improve within 5 minutes, though full recovery may take 10–20 minutes. Overfeeding does not speed recovery and if the person has diabetes will simply produce hyperglycemia afterwards. <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">If a person is suffering such severe effects of hypoglycemia that they cannot (due to combativeness) or should not (due to seizures or unconsciousness) be given anything by mouth, medical personnel such as EMTs and paramedics, or in-hospital personnel can establish an IV and give intravenous dextrose, concentrations varying depending on age (infants are given 2 ml/kg dextrose 10%, children are given dextrose 25%, and adults are given dextrose 50%). Care must be taken in giving these solutions because they can be very necrotic if the IV is infiltrated. If an IV cannot be established, the patient can be given 1 to 2 milligrams of glucagon in an [|intramuscular injection]. More treatment information can be found in the article [|diabetic hypoglycemia]. <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">One situation where starch may be less effective than glucose or sucrose is when a person is taking [|acarbose]. Since acarbose and other [|alpha-glucosidase inhibitors] prevents starch and other sugars from being broken down into [|monosaccharides] that can be absorbed by the body, patients taking these medications should consume monosaccharide-containing foods such as glucose tablets, honey, or juice to reverse hypoglycemia.